This study aims to reveal the failure of the state to use its authority to ensure the fulfilment of religious freedom for all its citizens maximally and adequately because, in practice, the state sometimes takes refuge behind the slogan of neutrality when it sees the majority group committing violent practices against minority groups. This study uses a discourse analysis method with a phenomenological approach to understanding the meaning of various events and human interactions. Meanwhile, the data was collected through literature study, media study, and observation using content analysis and discourse analysis methods in processing the data. Then this research results in the finding that opening the state accommodation gap to the demands of the majority religious group will provide space for them to take advantage of the similarities in their religious ideology with state actors and then attempt to dictate state policy. The inability of the state to be neutral in solving the problems of its people, at the same time, has given rise to the impression that a handful of certain social classes have controlled the state. Even this research results also show that tendencies of intolerance and discrimination arise in the community.
Abidin, Jaenal. Konsep Kebebasan Beragama Dalam Perspektif Kebijakan Politik Gus Dur Dan SBY. Yogyakarta: Fakultas Syariah UIN Suka, 2010.
Althusser, Louis. On the Reproduction of Capitalism: Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses. London: Verso Books, 2014.
Amin Abdullah. “Kebebasan Beragama Atau Berkeyakinan Dalam Perspektif Kemanusiaan Universal, Agama-Agama Dan Keindonesiaan.” In Expert Conference on Shariah and Human Right. Malang: Pasca UMM and Oslo Coalition Norway, 2010.
Arumbinang, Mohammad Hazyar. “Rethinking Religious Freedom to Assure Harmonisation of Inter-Religious Life in Indonesia.” Varia Justicia 17, no. 2 (2021): 216–29. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31603/variajusticia.v17i2.5689.
Basuni, Azis Budianto, and Azis Budianto. “Religious Freedom in the Perspective of Human Rights.” In ICLSSEE 2021: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Law, Social Science, Economics, and Education, ICLSSEE 2021, March 6th 2021, Jakarta, Indonesia, 445. European Alliance for Innovation, 2021.
Cholil, Suhadi. “Resonansi Dialog Agama Dan Budaya: Dari Kebebasan Beragama.” In Pendidikan Multikultural, Sampai RUU Anti Pornografi. Yogyakarta: Center for Religious & Cross-Cultural Studies, Sekolah Pascasarjana, Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2008.
Darmawan, Errie. Implementasi Pasal 28 Ayat 1 Dan 2, Serta Pasal 29 UUD 1945 Tentang Kebebasan Beragama. Yogyakarta: Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, 2009.
Departemen Agama RI. Tafsir Al-Qur’an Tematik: Hubungan Antar-Umat Beragama. Jakarta: Departemen Agama, 2008.
Hamdi, Ahmad Zainul. “Klaim Religious Authority Dalam Konflik Sunni-Syi‘i Sampang Madura.” ISLAMICA: Jurnal Studi Keislaman 6, no. 2 (January 23, 2014): 215–31. https://doi.org/10.15642/islamica.2012.6.2.215-231.
Hefner, Robert W. “Islam and Institutional Religious Freedom in Indonesia.” Religions 12, no. 6 (June 7, 2021): 415. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12060415.
Hilmy, Masdar. “Treating Religious Minority (Un)Justly: Problems and Challenges of Regulating Freedom of Religion in Indonesia.” In Proceedings of 1st International Conference of Law and Justice - Good Governance and Human Rights in Muslim Countries: Experiences and Challenges (ICLJ 2017), 183–87. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. https://doi.org/10.2991/iclj-17.2018.38.
I Marsana Windu. Kekuatan Dan Kekerasan Menurut John Galtung. Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 1992.
Iman Herdiana. “Jawa Barat Terus Bergelut Dengan Masalah Kebebasan Beragama Dan Berkeyakinan.” BandungBergerak.id, 2022. https://bandungbergerak.id/article/detail/2208/jawa-barat-terus-bergelut-dengan-masalah-kebebasan-beragama-dan-berkeyakinan.
J. Fenton, Adam. “FAITH, INTOLERANCE, VIOLENCE AND BIGOTRY: Legal and Constitutional Issues of Freedom of Religion in Indonesia.” Journal of Indonesian Islam 10, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 181–211. https://doi.org/10.15642/JIIS.2016.10.2.181-212.
Ja’far, Suhermanto. “Agama, Konflik, Integrasi Dan Masyarakat Komunikatif.” In Resolusi Konflik Islam Indonesia, edited by Thoha Hamim, Khoirun Niam, and Akh. Muzakki. Yogyakarta: LKiS dan LSAS IAIN Sunan Ampel, 2007.
Jenny Edkins, and Nick Vaughan-Williams. Teori-Teori Kritis: Menantang Pandangan Utama Studi Politik Internasional. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Baca, 2010.
Lindholm, and Durham. Kebebasan Beragama Atau Berkeyakinan Seberapa Jauh? Sebuah Referensi Tentang Prinsip Dan Praktek. Jakarta: Kanisius, 2010.
Marshall, Paul. “The Ambiguities of Religious Freedom in Indonesia.” The Review of Faith & International Affairs 16, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 85–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2018.1433588.
Martin Van Bruinessen. Rakyat Kecil, Islam Dan Politik. Yogyakarta: Yayasan Bentang Budaya, 1998.
Michael Haas. International Human Rights: A Comprehensive Introduction. London and New York: Routledge, 2008.
Mulia, Siti Musdah. “Potret Kebebasan Beragama Dan Berkeyakinan Di Era Reformasi.” Jurnal Hak Asasi Manusia 6, no. 6 (2010): 32–66.
Patria, Nezar, and Andi Arief. Antonio Gramsci: Negara Dan Hegemoni. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2003.
R. William Liddle. “Demokrasi Dan Kebebasan Sipil.” In Membela Kebebasan: Percakapan Tentang Demokrasi Liberal, edited by Hamid Basyaib. Jakarta: Pustaka Alvabet, 2006.
Rahadi T Wiratama. “Ideologi, Negara, Dan Bangsa.” Majalah Prisma 32, no. 04 (2013): 103–4.
Ridge, Hannah M. “State Regulation of Religion: The Effect of Religious Freedom on Muslims’ Religiosity.” Religion, State and Society 48, no. 4 (August 7, 2020): 256–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637494.2020.1804781.
Situmorang, Victorio H. “Kebebasan Beragama Sebagai Bagian Dari Hak Asasi Manusia.” Jurnal Penelitian HAM 10, no. 1 (2019): 57–68. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.30641/ham.2019.10.57-67.
Slamet Effendy Yusuf. “Review 5 Tahun Kehidupan Umat Beragama Di Indonesia: Perspektif MUI.” In Kongres FKUB. Jakarta, 2011.
Soedirgo, Jessica. “Informal Networks and Religious Intolerance: How Clientelism Incentivizes the Discrimination of the Ahmadiyah in Indonesia.” Citizenship Studies 22, no. 2 (February 17, 2018): 191–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2018.1445490.
U.S. Embassy and Consulates in Indonesia. “2020 Report on International Religious Freedom.” U.S. Embassy and Consulates in Indonesia, 2020. https://id.usembassy.gov/our-relationship/official-reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/.
Abidin, Jaenal. Konsep Kebebasan Beragama Dalam Perspektif Kebijakan Politik Gus Dur Dan SBY. Yogyakarta: Fakultas Syariah UIN Suka, 2010.
Althusser, Louis. On the Reproduction of Capitalism: Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses. London: Verso Books, 2014.
Amin Abdullah. “Kebebasan Beragama Atau Berkeyakinan Dalam Perspektif Kemanusiaan Universal, Agama-Agama Dan Keindonesiaan.” In Expert Conference on Shariah and Human Right. Malang: Pasca UMM and Oslo Coalition Norway, 2010.
Arumbinang, Mohammad Hazyar. “Rethinking Religious Freedom to Assure Harmonisation of Inter-Religious Life in Indonesia.” Varia Justicia 17, no. 2 (2021): 216–29. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31603/variajusticia.v17i2.5689.
Basuni, Azis Budianto, and Azis Budianto. “Religious Freedom in the Perspective of Human Rights.” In ICLSSEE 2021: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Law, Social Science, Economics, and Education, ICLSSEE 2021, March 6th 2021, Jakarta, Indonesia, 445. European Alliance for Innovation, 2021.
Cholil, Suhadi. “Resonansi Dialog Agama Dan Budaya: Dari Kebebasan Beragama.” In Pendidikan Multikultural, Sampai RUU Anti Pornografi. Yogyakarta: Center for Religious & Cross-Cultural Studies, Sekolah Pascasarjana, Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2008.
Darmawan, Errie. Implementasi Pasal 28 Ayat 1 Dan 2, Serta Pasal 29 UUD 1945 Tentang Kebebasan Beragama. Yogyakarta: Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, 2009.
Departemen Agama RI. Tafsir Al-Qur’an Tematik: Hubungan Antar-Umat Beragama. Jakarta: Departemen Agama, 2008.
Hamdi, Ahmad Zainul. “Klaim Religious Authority Dalam Konflik Sunni-Syi‘i Sampang Madura.” ISLAMICA: Jurnal Studi Keislaman 6, no. 2 (January 23, 2014): 215–31. https://doi.org/10.15642/islamica.2012.6.2.215-231.
Hefner, Robert W. “Islam and Institutional Religious Freedom in Indonesia.” Religions 12, no. 6 (June 7, 2021): 415. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12060415.
Hilmy, Masdar. “Treating Religious Minority (Un)Justly: Problems and Challenges of Regulating Freedom of Religion in Indonesia.” In Proceedings of 1st International Conference of Law and Justice - Good Governance and Human Rights in Muslim Countries: Experiences and Challenges (ICLJ 2017), 183–87. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. https://doi.org/10.2991/iclj-17.2018.38.
I Marsana Windu. Kekuatan Dan Kekerasan Menurut John Galtung. Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 1992.
Iman Herdiana. “Jawa Barat Terus Bergelut Dengan Masalah Kebebasan Beragama Dan Berkeyakinan.” BandungBergerak.id, 2022. https://bandungbergerak.id/article/detail/2208/jawa-barat-terus-bergelut-dengan-masalah-kebebasan-beragama-dan-berkeyakinan.
J. Fenton, Adam. “FAITH, INTOLERANCE, VIOLENCE AND BIGOTRY: Legal and Constitutional Issues of Freedom of Religion in Indonesia.” Journal of Indonesian Islam 10, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 181–211. https://doi.org/10.15642/JIIS.2016.10.2.181-212.
Ja’far, Suhermanto. “Agama, Konflik, Integrasi Dan Masyarakat Komunikatif.” In Resolusi Konflik Islam Indonesia, edited by Thoha Hamim, Khoirun Niam, and Akh. Muzakki. Yogyakarta: LKiS dan LSAS IAIN Sunan Ampel, 2007.
Jenny Edkins, and Nick Vaughan-Williams. Teori-Teori Kritis: Menantang Pandangan Utama Studi Politik Internasional. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Baca, 2010.
Lindholm, and Durham. Kebebasan Beragama Atau Berkeyakinan Seberapa Jauh? Sebuah Referensi Tentang Prinsip Dan Praktek. Jakarta: Kanisius, 2010.
Marshall, Paul. “The Ambiguities of Religious Freedom in Indonesia.” The Review of Faith & International Affairs 16, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 85–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2018.1433588.
Martin Van Bruinessen. Rakyat Kecil, Islam Dan Politik. Yogyakarta: Yayasan Bentang Budaya, 1998.
Michael Haas. International Human Rights: A Comprehensive Introduction. London and New York: Routledge, 2008.
Mulia, Siti Musdah. “Potret Kebebasan Beragama Dan Berkeyakinan Di Era Reformasi.” Jurnal Hak Asasi Manusia 6, no. 6 (2010): 32–66.
Patria, Nezar, and Andi Arief. Antonio Gramsci: Negara Dan Hegemoni. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2003.
R. William Liddle. “Demokrasi Dan Kebebasan Sipil.” In Membela Kebebasan: Percakapan Tentang Demokrasi Liberal, edited by Hamid Basyaib. Jakarta: Pustaka Alvabet, 2006.
Rahadi T Wiratama. “Ideologi, Negara, Dan Bangsa.” Majalah Prisma 32, no. 04 (2013): 103–4.
Ridge, Hannah M. “State Regulation of Religion: The Effect of Religious Freedom on Muslims’ Religiosity.” Religion, State and Society 48, no. 4 (August 7, 2020): 256–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637494.2020.1804781.
Situmorang, Victorio H. “Kebebasan Beragama Sebagai Bagian Dari Hak Asasi Manusia.” Jurnal Penelitian HAM 10, no. 1 (2019): 57–68. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.30641/ham.2019.10.57-67.
Slamet Effendy Yusuf. “Review 5 Tahun Kehidupan Umat Beragama Di Indonesia: Perspektif MUI.” In Kongres FKUB. Jakarta, 2011.
Soedirgo, Jessica. “Informal Networks and Religious Intolerance: How Clientelism Incentivizes the Discrimination of the Ahmadiyah in Indonesia.” Citizenship Studies 22, no. 2 (February 17, 2018): 191–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2018.1445490.
U.S. Embassy and Consulates in Indonesia. “2020 Report on International Religious Freedom.” U.S. Embassy and Consulates in Indonesia, 2020. https://id.usembassy.gov/our-relationship/official-reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/.
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