Negotiating Sharia in Secular State: A Case Study in French and Germany

Khamami Zada; M. Nurul Irfan

doi:10.22373/sjhk.v5i1.9753

Negotiating Sharia in Secular State: A Case Study in French and Germany

Khamami Zada, M. Nurul Irfan

Abstract

The European Muslims, the majority of them come from Muslim countries, are facing the identity dilemma. On the one hand, they are the Muslims who are obliged to carry out their religious teaching, but on the other hand, they are the Muslims who have acquired European citizenship who cannot enforce religious laws and instead submit to secular state laws. The study analyzes French and Germany Muslim aspirations and their negotiations on carrying out sharia in the secular state. This is field study by qualitative approach. Primary data was collected by interviews with Muslims of Moroccan, Tunisian, Algerian, and Turkish descent living in France and Germany. The study found that French and German Muslims want to apply sharia, but France and Germany do not allow religious law to be made a state law. These have left French and German Muslims to negotiate without opposition, resistance, and conflict. As European citizens, they accept secular law without losing their religious and social identity, though couldn’t fully implement Sharia.

Keywords

muslim identity, sharia, European Law

Full Text:

PDF

References

Abdillah, Masykuri, “Hubungan Agama dan Negara dalam Konteks Modernisasi Politik di Era Reformasi” Ahkam/Volume 13, No 2 (2013).

Beck-Peccoz, Roberta Aluffi and G. Zincone (eds.,), The Legal Treatment of Islamic Minorities in Europe, Peeters, 2004.

Berger, Peter L., Tafsir Sosial atas Kenyataan, Risalah Tentang Sosiologi Pengetahuan, Jakarta: LP3ES, 1990.

Burke. Peter J. and Jan E. Stets, Identity Theory, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009).

Casanova, José, Religion, European Secular Identities, and European integration, Transit 27 (2004).

Dillon, Michele (ed.), Handbook of the Sociologyof Religion, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003

Elfrida, Tuti, “Menjadi Muslim di Freiburg: Studi Kasus Praktik Keagamaan Komunitas Muslim di Freiburg, Jerman”, Kajian Wilayah, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013

Ferrari, Silvio, “The Secular State in a Declining Europe”, Journal of Law, Religion and State, 2019.

Fredette, Jennifer, Constructing Muslims in France-Discourse, Public Identity, and the Politics of Citizenship, Philadelphia, Temple University Press, 2014.

Gellner, Ernest, Sosiologi Sekularisasi; Suatu Kritik Konsep, Yogyakarta: Tiara Wacana, 1992.

Hall, Stuart Stuart Hall and Paul Du Gay (eds.), Questions of Cultural Identity, London: SAGE, 1996

Hall, Stuart, David Held, and Tony McGrew (eds.), Modernity and its Futures, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992

Iner, Derya and Salih Yucel (ed.), Muslim Identity Formation in Religiously Diverse Societies, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2015.

Jenkins, Richard, Social Identity, United Kingdom: Routledge, 2008.

Kaplan, Hasan, “Relationship Between Religion and Identity Development: A Study of Second Generation American Muslim Adolescents, Dissertation, 2005.

Kymlicka, Will, Politics in the Vernacular: Nationalism, Multiculturalism, Citizenship, Oxford University Press: New York, 2001.

Lebor, Adam, Pergulatan Muslim di Barat antara Identitas dan Integras, Jakarta; Mizan Pustaka, 2009.

Liliweri, Alo, Makna Budaya dalam Komunikasi Antar Budaya, Yogyakarta: PT LKiS Pelangi Angkasa, 2007.

Milton Viorst,. “The Muslims of France”, Foreign Affairs Volume 75, No. 5 (1996)

Oppong, Steward Harrison “Religion and Identity,” American International Journal of Contemporary Research Volume 3 No. 6 (2013).

Peach, Ceri & Günther Glebe, “Muslim minorities in Western Europe”, Ethnic and Racial Studies, (1995)

Salim GP, M Arskal, “Competing Political Ideologies on the Implementation of Islamic Law in Indonesia: Historical and Legal Pluralist Perspectives” Jurnal Ahkam Volume 17, No 2 (2017).

Stout, Daniel and Judith Buddenbaum (ed.), Religion and Popular Culture; Studies on the Interaction of Worldviews, Iowa State University Press, 2000.

Susetyo, Budi, Krisis Identitas Etnis Cina di Indonesia, Kupang: Unika, 2007.

Tangney, Mark R. Leary June Price, Handbook of Self and Identity, New York: The Guilford Press, 2012.

Thohir, Agus, ”Relasi Agama dan Negara”, Unpublished paper, presented at the Spiritual Study Discussion organized by the HMI Commissariat of FPBS IKIP PGRI, Semarang, November 4, 2009.

Turner, Lynn H. dan Richard West, Pengantar Teori Komunikasi Analisis dan Aplikasi, Jakarta: Salemba Humanika, 2008.

Wade, Carole dan Carol Tavris, Psikologi, Jakarta: Erlangga, 2009.

Wicaksono, Moddie Alvianto, “Dinamika Imigran Muslim di Perancis melalui Ruang Publik pada Pemerintahan Nicholas Sarkozy”, Jurnal Transformasi Global Volume 4 Nomor 2, 2020.

Woodward, Kathryn, Identity and Difference, London: SAGE Publication, 1996.

Ysseldyk, Renate, Kimberly Matheson, and Hymie Anisman, “Religiosity as Identity: Toward an Understanding of Religion From a Social Identity Perspective Personality and Social” Psychology Review Volume 14 (1), (2010).

Zada, Khamami, “Politik Pemberlakuan Syari`At Islam di Aceh dan Kelantan (1993-2014)” Al-Ihkam, Volume 10 No. 1 Juni 2015.

Internet

https://rmx.news/article/article/57-of-young-muslims-in-france-believe-that-sharia-law-is-superior-to-french-law

https://ihram.co.id/berita/qk2wu6385/prancis-emkalahem-bertempur-dengan-muslim-islamdan-barat-part1

https://www.france24.com/en/france/20201030-islam-is-being-hyper-politicised-in-france-but-muslims-are-not-in-the-debate

Interviews

Interview with Aisyah, Novembre, 2016.

Interview with Ayub Mursalin, Novembre 2020

Interview with Kamasyi, Novembre 2016.

Interview with Qodir Jelani, July 2020.

Interview with Mahmoud el Hawari, July 2020.

Interview with Talji, July 2020.